Review. Mahmood Mamdami.
When Victims Become Killers: Colonialism, Nativism, and the Genocide in Rwanda. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2001. 364 pp.
Rwanda has the unhappy distinction of being the country that most people think of when the word "genocide" is mentioned. ("Hutu," "Tutsi," "interahamwe," and "génocidaire" will also be prominent.) The question of what happened in Rwanda and why it happened is important, not merely because of its implications for Rwanda and for central Africa (don't forget that the current war fought by a half-dozen nations in the Congo at a cost of two million dead was sparked by the genocide of 1994), but because of what it says about human nature. The Rwandan genocide was, as horror-struck observers and survivors (and participants) have pointed out, quite different from other genocides in the 20th century (the Nazi genocide of Jews and Slavs, for example) because it enlisted virtually the entire population of Rwanda not targeted by the genocide: Men and women, adults and children, laypersons and clerics, the illiterate and the educated, all demographics of the Rwandan population took part in the genocide. There wasn't any bureaucracy to adroitly ship the undesirables out of public sight, there wasn't any segmentation of the genocide from the rest of the population, there was only indiscriminative massive slaughter. eren't What happened?
So far, there hasn't been a particularly useful book on the Rwandan genocide, from the point of view of explaining just what happened and why. Philip Gourevitch's 1998
We wish to inform you that tomorrow we will be killed with our families comes closest, but it lacks any profound historical perspective, I find. Gourevitch works from the statements of the Rwandans he interviewed that Rwandan culture is inherently authoritarian and fatalistic, that Rwandans are themselves prone to cruelty; but then, two or three years after a genocide such as the Rwandan, wouldn't any shocked survivor or observer find it difficult to avoid that? And then, there are problems with the official narrative of post-genocide Rwanda: The official
RPF history of Rwanda is certainly more accurate than that of the
génocidaires (it's really spectacularly unlikely that "90%" of Rwandan Tutsis were RPF supporters, never mind the rather simple question of whether slaughtering one million people can
ever be moral); but then, the RPF came to power only after waging a bloody civil war in the early 1990s that displaced one Rwandan in six. I don't think we've ever gotten a consistent answer about the hundreds of thousands of Hutu refugees who had fled ahead of the advancing pro-Rwandan forces some years ago into the depths of the Congolese forests and
were never seen again.
( What happened? Briefly put, colonialism. )