[PHOTO] The beach and the surf of Stanhope

[PHOTO] Little bird on the Stanhope beach

[BLOG] Some Friday links

• Centauri Dreams notes that some astronomers have come up with methods for measuring the densities of the atmospheres of difference exoplanets.


• Crooked Timber's Chris Bertram thinks that the state of the migration debate in the United Kingdom is grim, given what he thinks is the toughness of even a liberal proposal.


• Eastern Approaches notes that the Czech Republic and Slovakia aren't as vocal in their support of Ukraine against Russia as Poland.


• At the Everyday Sociology Blog, Karen Sternheimer explores the role of justifications and excuses in culture.


• Far Outliers notes that, on the eve of the First World War, Germany lacked settler colonies.


• The Financial Times' World blog worries that Croatia might not be able to make effective use of European Union funds.


• Language Hat notes that Western-style romance novels were popular samizdat in the Soviet Union.


• Language Log's Victor Mair argues that, between influence from foreign languages and technology, the Chinese language is evolving rapidly.


• Marginal Revolution notes an argument that state-formation in Europe might have been driven by economics not military affairs.


• Towleroad notes the recent progressive court ruling on gay sex in Lebanon.

[NEWS] Some Friday links

• io9 shares wonderful illustrations of Titan's methane showlines.


• The Atlantic Cities notes that the coastline of Louisiana is receding so quickly mapmakers are hard-pressed to keep up.


• BusinessWeek wonders how great cities, like New York City or Rome, reconcile change and tradition.


• Christianity Today features a Philip Jenkins article noting that the origins and alliances of the Crimean crisis can be traced back at least as far as the Crimean War.


• Ha'aretz notes that Israelis are moving to Tel Aviv, abandoning peripheral areas (with large Arab population) like Galilee and the Negev.


• MacLean's that condo construction is set to boom in Toronto.


• Tablet Magazine notes that Crimea, immediately after the Second World War, was positioned as a potential homeland for Soviet Jews.


• According to Time, changes in Canadian immigration law may be discouraging rich Chinese immigrants.


• Universe Today notes that China's Yutu moon rover can't properly move its solar panels.

[URBAN NOTE] On Toronto's 180th birthday, yesterday

As CBC noted yesterday, 180 years ago yesterday Toronto was incorporated as a city.

[L]ike the entirety of Canada, the Toronto area has been inhabited for many centuries prior to European arrival, as Iroquois had settlements here before the 1500s.

But the official recognition of the City of Toronto, as it's now known, came after several other settlements.

That history begins with the contentious purchase of the land that would become metropolitan Toronto from First Nations. In the Toronto Purchase of 1805, the Mississaugas of the New Credit First Nation were given 10 shillings for the land — somewhere in the area of $45 today.

In an earlier land deal in 1797, the Brandt Tract Claim, Mississaugas were given less than had been agreed upon for parts of Toronto.

The British settlement formally began with John Simcoe, who renamed Toronto in 1793, proclaiming the town of York and centring around Fort York, which was located in the area around the present-day St. Lawrence Market. It would be 41 years and one five-day American invasion later that York would revert to its native name, Toronto, on March 6, 1834.

William Lyon Mackenzie, a Scottish reformer, became Toronto's first mayor upon its incorporation. He was not successful in his mayoralty, and later planned an armed rebellion against British ties to Toronto and Upper Canada in 1837.

blogTO's Chris Bateman notes ("5 things to know about Toronto on its 180th birthday") some interesting facts about how Toronto got its name and its streetcars and its nickname of Hogtown. Torontoist's Jamie Bradburn has an extended essay ("Toronto is Born") surrounding the circumstances of Toronto's incorporation.

By the dawn of 1834, York was growing fast. Its population had quadrupled in six years, going from around 2,200 residents in 1828 to 9,200. Such growth, unfortunately, magnified the flaws of the existing governance structure: the Town of York was part of the larger Home District, which by 1834 consisted of portions of present-day Durham, Peel, and York Regions. The district was governed by an appointed committee of part-time magistrates known as the Courts of Quarter Sessions of the Peace. Becoming a magistrate was a reflection of one’s social status, which meant the ranks were dominated by the Family Compact and its allies.

As York grew, the magistrates found they couldn’t keep up with its infrastructure demands. Unable to raise tax rates above absurdly low levels, they borrowed money to build courthouses, jails, and markets. Police funding was scant, and volunteers were recruited to provide fire service. Inadequate attempts to build a sewer system contributed to several outbreaks of cholera during the 1830s.

York needed help.

By 1830, provincial attorney-general Henry John Boulton had proposed that York be incorporated as a city with an elected municipal government possessing increased powers of taxation. The usual unproductive partisan bickering between Reformers and Tories delayed the process until a committee drafted a bill in 1833.

[. . .]

Renaming York as Toronto angered some provincial legislators. During a March 1, 1834 debate in the assembly, detractors like William Jarvis claimed the change would cause confusion. John Willison felt it disrespected the memory of the most recent Duke of York, and pointed out that neither the state nor the city of New York had changed its name. Proponents of Toronto pointed out the name’s aboriginal origins and its meaning, which was then believed to be “meeting place,” and so was well suited to the seat of provincial government. Some legislators, such as William Berczy, felt Toronto rolled off the tongue better than York (“the sound is in every respect better”).